ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To establish an effective performance appraisal system for clinical pharmacists, based on the characteristics of clinical pharmacy work in obstetrics and Gynecology hospitals. METHODS: According to the method of PDCA cycle, the satisfaction degree of clinical pharmacists for performance appraisals were investigated to find out the problems; the reasons were analyzed and countermeasures were made out, checked and implemented. Finally, the satisfaction degree of clinical pharmacists on performance appraisal and the annual key performance appraisal indicators were compared before and after the implementation of PDCA circulation. RESULTS: The unsatisfactory rate of clinical pharmacists to the existing performance appraisal system was 62.5%. The 87.5% of clinical pharmacists believed that it was necessary to revise the existing performance appraisal system. According to the results of the investigation, the system of clinical pharmacists' grade recognition is established first, and the responsibilities of clinical pharmacists at different levels are established according to the difficulty of clinical pharmacy work. According to the post responsibilities of clinical pharmacists at different levels, the performance appraisal forms of clinical pharmacists are designed, and the performance appraisal items are deducted monthly for publication. Through the implementation of various measures, the satisfaction rate of clinical pharmacists to the new performance appraisal was 100%. Annual key assessment indicators such as adverse reactions reporting, participation in multidisciplinary joint clinics, publication of articles, project establishment and patent application were higher than the same period last year(P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The application of PDCA cycle management method can improve the performance appraisal management mode of clinical pharmacists, improve the efficiency and quality of clinical pharmacists, and promote the improvement of clinical pharmaceutical care and scientific research level in our hospital.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effects of the Rich Selenium-Banqiao-Codonopsis Pilosula (BCPA) injecta on the aged rats' immune functions and its underlying mechanism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 60 rats, composed of 2, 12 and 22 month age old (half male and half female), were served as a young group, middle-age group and aged group respectively. Each group rats were randomly divided into the control and the BCPA subgroup (n = 10). The BCPA group was injected with BCPA at 7.2 g/kg intraperitoneally every day and the control group was injected the same volume of normal saline. All rats were conventionally fed for 45 days. An immune injection was performed after 15 days of BCPA injection. On the 22nd day, late-onset immune response would be induced. The caudal vein blood was collected and the antigen specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a antibody was detected on the 15th, 30th and 45th day. On the 45th day, the major T cell subgroups of splenic cells were analyzed and splenic cells were proliferated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>No significant difference in the delayed-type hypersensivity (DTH) reaction was found between the control and the BCPA subgroups in the young and middle-aged rats while the aged BCPA subgroup had a stronger DTH reaction. There was no significant difference in the blood content of specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a antibody between the young and middle-age BCPA group while the aged BCPA group rats had an obvious enhancing reaction to the three antibodies mentioned above (P < 0.05). There was no obvious difference in the number of the CD3+ lymphocytes and the CD4+ T helper lymphocytes between the control and the BCPA subgroup in the young aged rats while a significant increase was spotted between the middle-aged and the aged group (P < 0.05). The splenic cells from young BCPA group rats had a strong proliferation response (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>BCPA can enhance DTH reaction, potentiate the production of specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a antibody to resist KLH, improve the reaction to antigen, increase the amount of CD4+ cell, promote the immune response and had an important role in anti-immunosenescence and antioxidant capacity improvement in the aged rats.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Rats , Aging , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes , Allergy and Immunology , Codonopsis , Chemistry , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Pharmacology , Immune System , Immunoglobulin G , Blood , Selenium , Pharmacology , Spleen , Allergy and ImmunologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the corrosion resistance of casted titanium by plasma nitriding and TiN-coated compound treatments in the artificial saliva with different fluoride concentrations and to investigate whether compound treatments can increase the corrosion resistance of casted titanium.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Potentiodynamic polarization technique was used to depict polarization curve and to measured the current density of corrosion (Icorr) and the electric potential of corrosion (Ecorr) of casted titanium (Group A) and casted titanium by compound treatments (Group B) in the artificial saliva with different fluoride concentrations. After electrochemical experiment, the microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The Icorrs of Group A and B in the artificial saliva of different fluoride concentrations were (1530.23 ± 340.12), (2290.36 ± 320.10), (4130.52 ± 230.17) nA and (2.62 ± 0.64), (7.37 ± 3.59), (10.76 ± 6.05) nA, respectively. The Ecorrs were (-0.93 ± 0.10), (-0.89 ± 0.21), (-0.57 ± 0.09) V and (-0.21 ± 0.04), (-0.17 ± 0.03), (-0.22 ± 0.03) V, respectively.The Icorrs of Group B were significantly lower (P < 0.01)than that of Group A. The Icorrs increased significantly with the increasing of fluoride concentrations (P < 0.01). The Ecorrs of Group B were significantly higher than that of Group A (P < 0.01). The SEM confirmed the microstructure in the casted titanium was much severely than that in Group B, the microstructure in Group A and B corroded more and more heavily with increasing of fluoride concentrations.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The increase of fluoride concentrations influence the corrosion resistance of both treated and untreated casted titanium negatively, but plasma nitriding and TiN-coated compound treatments can significantly increase the corrosion resistance of casted titanium.</p>